Nike And The Production Process Essay - 894 Words

Nike Sweatshops With a slogan of â€Å"Just Do It,† Nike is known all over the world for its products ranging from apparel to shoes. Receiving recognition and sponsorship from various celebrities and athletes including Michael Jordan, Nike’s brand is generally associated in a positive light. However, the brand itself, variety of products, and numerous sponsors exist as only a few aspects of this continuously expanding brand. Another aspect to consider when addressing the overall existence of a product as well as the constant introduction of new products is the production process itself: how the product came to be, who is involved in creating the product, and where the product is produced. The production process is generally not one of the thoughts a consumer pays attention to when purchasing a product because it is the part of a product that is behind the scenes; unknown to the consumer. Obtaining the product to satisfy a need/want is the main concern of the consumer. However, it is crucial for the consumer to know how the product was created and who was involved in the process because after all, if the production process did not exist, the product would not exist, and ultimately neither would the brand. It is not a secret that many of the products sold in the United States are made in China. However, it may be a surprise to find out what kinds of conditions the workers producing these various products actually have to deal with. Nike products are produced in China inShow MoreRelated Commodity Chain Analysis of Nike Shoes Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesCommodity chain analysis of a Nike Shoe Introduction Since its creation, Nike has proven itself as a popular brand and it has created niches by selling products such as footwear, apparels and various types of sports equipment. This paper will attempt to trace the product development of Nike shoes from its origins in conception and design to the manufacturing and production process located in contract factories in developing countries to advertising and marketing of Nike as a cultural commodity andRead MoreHow Does Nike Improve The Quality And Reduce Carbon Emissions?1345 Words   |  6 Pagessafety, and workforce development. Thus, Nike appreciates and follows ongoing improvement in these areas as can be seen throughout this report. Based on energy and GHG emissions, there is dramatic impact of climate change, so Nike sets a new plan with scientific program to improve the quality and to reduce carbon emissions. In the past, the company’s material stage of value chain and in manufacturing lead to biggest energy and carbon impact. In the process, the company made products by loosing muchRead MoreNike Shoes : Product Information1296 Words   |  6 Pages11/15/2014 Accounting 102 (online), Professor Erdkamp | Tiffany Ly C02224449 Product Information I. A Summary About Nike II. Why I Chose Nike Footwear for This Project III. Overview of the Manufacturing Process I. A Summary about Nike Nike, Inc. is known worldwide for its exquisite line of footwear, apparel, equipment, and many other various athletic products. This company is the largest and most successful seller of footwear for people of all ages and all types of recreational, athletic andRead MoreNike Corporation Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesorg/files/u5/LRNGlobalIntegrity.pdf Nike Corporation In this essay, I will attempt to present an analysis of the ethics and social responsibility issues that an organization can face when it is a global organization. One of the most recognized organizations globally would without a doubt have to be the Nike Corporation. Several years ago the Nike Corporation came under fire for using child labor in Pakistan and Cambodia to make their soccer balls. Because Nike came under fire for this unethicalRead MoreNike Erp1185 Words   |  5 PagesNike Case Study Nike roots trace themselves back to the 1950s with University of Oregon field coach Bill Bowerman. Bowerman was always trying to find a competitive advantage for his track runners and had the idea of a lighter show. He would late team up with recent graduate Phil Knight and create the first Nike shoe, â€Å"the Swoosh†, which debuted in 1972. Through the years, Nike would continue to create innovative sports apparel, expand into new markets, and challenge the way people look at athleticsRead MoreNike : A Transformation Process1501 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the biggest companies in the world is Nike and they are the perfect example of a transformation process from raw materials to the final product. Nike is one of, if not, the biggest athletic and sportswear company in the world. Their products range from shoes to apparel, and recently software. They have over 700 shops around the world and has offices suited in forty five countries outside the United States. They also have many factories where they produce their products, most of them comingRead MoreCross Cultural Perspective – Nike Corporation Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesCross Cultural Perspective – Nike Corporation In this essay, I will attempt to present an analysis of the ethics and social responsibility issues that an organization can face when it is a global organization. One of the most recognized organizations globally would without a doubt have to be the Nike Corporation. Several years ago the Nike Corporation came under fire for using child labor in Pakistan and Cambodia to make their soccer balls. Because Nike came under fire for this unethical and inhumaneRead MoreNike Case Study Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesNike Case Study 1.) List the various macro-environmental factors that influence Nike’s strategy. Which seem most pertinent? The macro-environmental factors that influence Nike’s strategy include culture, demographics, social issues, technological advances, economic situation, and political and regulatory environment.    Culture is the shared meanings, beliefs, morals, values and customs of a group of people. In America, Nike has become an industry leader that influences our culturalRead MoreCars And Process Costing System928 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1: Vans and Process Costing System In manufacture, determining unit production cost plays an important role. Through a managerial cost system, managers use cost data to plan, control, and make decisions with the goal to gain the highest profit. Managerial cost system includes two common methods: process costing and job order costing. Job order cost is used to cost specific products or group of products whereas process costing is used for the mass production of similar products. Vans, a manufacturerRead MoreNike s Code Of Conduct934 Words   |  4 PagesIn addition, Nike, Inc.’s Code of Conduct also states that its subcontractors must provide â€Å"a safe, hygienic and healthy workplace setting and [take the] necessary steps to prevent accidents and [injuries] [†¦]† (Nike, Inc.,†Code of Conduct†). In 2013, following another company’s factory catching fire in Bangladesh, killing 112 people in the process, two of Nike’s vice-presidents flew to Bangladesh to assess the situation in their own factories (Banjo). Seeing as their buildings were not safe, the

The Tried and True Method for Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf in Step by Step Detail What to Expect From Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf? In the majority of instances, the info you already have won't be sufficient to compose a detailed, captivating paper, that's why you'll be asked to perform research to acquire as much additional information as you are able to. There are a lot of regions to explore while trying to find suitable cause and effect topics. Generally, there are 3 forms of cause and effect essays. There are 3 types of cause and effect essays which can be written, but they're all very similar in written structure. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf Is Wrong The assignment is usually given to assess along with help students develop the capacity to assess situations, determine the reason and earn a deeper knowledge of a function. In the event the project is quite substantial and important, then you are going to require an in-dep th comprehension of the topic. Students should focus on the way things relate to one another. You might find that you're assigned to compose a cause and effect essay for a writing class, but you may also encounter cause and effect assignments in different disciplines. Cause and effect is a significant skill for writing. Cause and effect is a typical way of organizing and discussing ideas. Before you commence working on cause and effect essay outline the very first thing you have to do is to pick a winning topic. Most importantly, all sorts of essay writing demands the writer to experience the essay few times before finalizing the content to make certain it is readable and concise. The group of expert essay writers is always prepared to aid you with that in no moment! Once more, based on the content you've got to provide, the essay ought to be organized to suit your information efficiently and neatly. Don't be afraid to get in touch with our Essay Writing Service and skilled essay writers will gladly assist you with your assignment. In modern life, it's very easy just go to supermarket and purchase whatever you wish even from another component of earth. Everything on earth is interrelated. There isn't much produced for such individuals on earth. One of the chief reasons is apparently the obsession over every small pound someone is wearing. Then you must figure out how you can better your essay to achieve your tutors standards. As a way to compose an effective essay, you will need to fo llow along with your professor's guidelines. Students aren't supposed to learn to compose a cause and effect essay alone. An essay about the root of the American Civil War could start out with slavery and move on to other ideas, including states' rights. Remember the consequences aren't necessarily adverse or positive. There are lots of troubles which arise as a result of unemployment like terrorism in the society that's dangerous for the humankind. The explanations for and possible impacts of AI. The Nuiances of Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf There are a number of reasons that may give rise to the cause of eating disorders. They are a serious health problem. The very first source of obesity is too obvious and it's a huge intake food. In conclusion, it's evident there are several causes of obesity amongst children, and a number of negative outcomes. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a fantastic cause and effect essay topic. Once you own a list of potential causes, read them thoroughly and prioritize them based on their significance on the result. There is just one cause, but there are a number of consequences. You may not wind up using all the causes and effects listed in your chart. A sufficient cause is one which has the capability to produce a certain sort of effect independently but may not be the sole supply of inducing the designated cause and might or might not be accompanied by other causes. Following that, it's possible to recommend specific therapy. It's also essential to note that the cause is usually written before the result is, but there are rare cases once the effect is going to be written first. While describing a health problem such as some type of disease, it's possible to include several consequences. The Debate Over Cause Effect Essay Samples Pdf As a consequence of which there isn't development of the poor people as it is impossible for them to invest money for absolutely any innovative purpose by owing financing from the bank. When something happens it results in an outcome. It's evident that in some situations being honest might not be such a fantastic notion, but it might be better than giving a well-dressed lie. Needless to say, i t may be any variety of explanations.

Industry Manufacturing and Logistic-

Questions: 1.Explain the conversion of the trading and logistics Industries. 2.The Challenges arising from that Conversion. 3.How the IoT are Changing the sourcing and Operations of this Business. Answers: 1.Conversion of Trading and logistics industries Bossard is one of the leading supply chain providers in Switzerland and they have imposed some of the new dimension in a digital economy, which is known as "Industry 4.0". The basic components that have been addressed her purchased by them are nuts, screw and bolts and all these are known as "fasteners". So the delivering of those products and the inter-organization delivering process effective logistic system is required. Smart factory Logistic has been introduced by the company for the better execution of supply chain management. The internet connectivity and signal posting of the logistic maintenances are the innovative concepts that have applied in this business process (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). Real-time data transferring to the client is another relevant feature that can reduce the connectivity gap between the company and customers. Bossard's logistic system is depending on the mass customization and agile production. The customer can choose any of the logistic services and ea ch of the logistic services want to deliver the product as soon as possible. "Smart Bins" has provided long-term stability in business and that process has built up with the three major components of standard precision, Wi-Fi connection, and sturdiness (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). All these had made a benchmark of conversion that product has been produced or taken from any of the companies or hub but if the products are not delivered in the proper manner then the business may get a threat from the internal and external market and for that reason, logistic planning is the foremost things to do. 2.Challenges of that business Imbalance market share is a challenge behind their business their business. Bossard has the long-term supplier in around the globe however the company has faced a lower market share in Asia Pacific than Europe. The veteran company can strengthen their position by implementing the KVT Fastening process as the high-quality fastening devices are found through the process and that enhance their business market too (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). The selection of target companies is another challenge that Bossard has to face to maintain their equity in a business. The logistics supply chain and the operating management has some particular methodology that has imposed on the management so that target market can get those products very easily. Cost of labor is another problem faced by the company thus their main concern is to take low efficient employees in numbers so that low wages can be distributed among them. Price competitive segment is the major challenge that business market has faced and due to that reason, the profit contribution is the major aspect that company has faced in this competitive business market. Legitimate presentation of the logistic system and the fully technological and data-driven process can enhance the business market (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). That must consider as a challenge for the business. Recruitment and retaining of staff is another major challenge for the company as quality work needs some workers too. 3.Sourcing of challenges and business operation The business operation can be segmented in a different way and the optimized potential of the company is associated with their range their products. The company has calculated their money for the segmented customers and companies and consults their logistic operation for the automated delivery processing. These are the innovative technologies that have been imposed by the company for the better sourcing. The sourcing has faced some challenges by the international growth orientation. The company is operating in 26 countries, 60 service locations and 12 application engineering processes to enhance the business operation (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). But most of the service lack situation has been issued by the volatility market raise and impose of turnover in that sectors have found within them. Bossard business strategy and the decision taken by Swiss National Bank to peg against the euro is a new opportunity as well as the challenge for the company. Bossard has operated their business i n many sections and they have their marketing opportunity in China too. So the global business market has enhanced by the targeted investment policy and supports the industrial products and services in many of the places so that logistic depart from Bossard can be implemented in a logical way. The selling approach and the reliability is another business operation that intricate in the data drove system and another technological invasion so the effective intermediates can take place in this business scenario (Thecasecentre.org, 2017). Source managing is one of the big decisions that can be authorized by the automated system and technological evasion as the structural and positional scope of the business is huge. References Thecasecentre.org (2017) Bossard AG: Enabling Industry 4.0 Logistics, Worldwide Retrieved from: https://www.thecasecentre.org/main/products/view?id=146968printversion=1printversion=1 [Accessed on 27th November 2017]

The Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck (1902 - 1968) Essays

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1902 - 1968) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1902 - 1968) Type of Work: Social / political criticism Setting Oklahoma and California; 1930s Principal Characters Tod Joad, a recent parolee in his mid-twenties Ma and Pa Joad, a strong, middle-aged Oklahoma couple Noah Joad, their strange eldest son Al, their wild sixteen-year-old Rose of Sharon, eldest Joad daughter, married and pregnant Gramma and Grampa Joad, an earthy old couple Jim Casy, a preacher and, later, a labor agitator Other Joad children Story Overveiw As Tom Joad hitchhiked his way home after a four-year stay in prison for killing a man in a fight, he met up with Jim Casy, a former preacher who was returning from a sojourn in the "wilderness," where he had been soul-searching. Tom invited Jim to walk with him on the dusty road to the Joad family farm, and to stay for dinner. Arriving there, he saw that "the small unpainted house was mashed at one corner, and it had been pushed off its foundations so that it slumped at an angle." The farm was deserted. Muley Graves, a near-by tenant farmer, told Tom that his family had moved to their Uncle john's house: " . . . They was going to stick it out when the bank come to tractorin' off the place." A long drought was making barren ground out of what had once been fertile farmland. Early the following morning Tom and Casy walked the eight miles to Uncle John's farm. As they approached, Tom saw his Pa working on a truck in the yard. Pa's "eyes looked at Tom's face, and then gradually his brain became aware of what he saw." With Tom's homecoming, the Joad family unit was complete. Now Ma and Pa, the pregnant oldest daughter Rose of Sharon, and her husband Connie, Grampa, Gramma, and all the rest started packing: they were all "goin' to California" to start over as fruit pickers. Like thousands of other displaced tenant farmers, the Joads, spurred on by the promise of good wages and sunshine, sold what they could, bought a used car and headed out on Highway 66, "a people in flight, refugees from dust and shrinking land, from the thunder of tractors and shrinking ownership." After the supplies and tools were loaded into the old Hudson, which teen-aged Al load had converted into a truck, the Joad family and Casy (twelve people in all) squeezed into what little space was left and started west. During the first overnight stop, Gramma suddenly was hit by a stroke and died. They buried him on the roadside. Soon the loads met up with the Wilsons, a married couple with a broken-down car. After Al had fixed the vehicle, Ma and Pa joad invited the Wilsons to travel with them. "You won't be no burden. Each'Il help each, an' we'll all git to California," Ma said. The two groups "crawled westward as a unit", suffering along the way from too little money, not enough food, dilapidated vehicles, profiteering junk dealers and overpriced replacement parts. Eastward-bound migrants warned the travelers that working conditions in California were bad; but they still pressed on toward the "promised land." Crossing the border into California, the family camped next to a river that ran parallel to the town of Needles. They'd wait until nightfall to cross the desert. As Tom, Noah and Pa sat down in the shallow river water to wash off the road grime, they were joined by an itinerant father and his son who aprised them of the treatment they could expect in California: "Okie use'ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means you're a dirty sonof-a-bitch. Okie means you're scum." Later that day, Tom's aloof and backward brother Noah notified him that he was staying to live by the river, and then wandered away. That evening, after saying good-bye to the Wilsons, the Joads began the last leg of their journey. Early during the desert crossing, Gramma quietly died, but Ma waited until they reached Bakersfield before she told anyone. After another roadside burial, the family drove on into a "Hooverville" - one of many designated migrant camps opened during the Depression. Like other Hoovervilles, it was a haotic community; "little gray tents, shacks, and c cars were scattered about at random." But the Joads elected to stay. On their first evening in the camp, two men in a shiny sedan drove up, a labor contractor and a local sheriff. The contractor had come out to offer jobs to the migrants, but when he declined to reveal the actual

Characteristics Of Mine...

Characteristics Of Mine... I have many qualities that would make me a great asset to any university but there are three that really stick out. These would have to be that I'm hard working, outgoing and friendly. These attributes not only make me an excellent addition to any university but a great addition into today's society.My work ethic is a great trait because I know college is not all fun and games. It is a place of higher education witch means you have to know when it's time to buckle down and get to work. I know getting a college degree is hard work and this is were that quality would come into play.Net would have to be that I'm outgoing. I don't think there's anything that I enjoy more than meeting new people. I think you learn a lot about yourself by meeting other people. For instances somebody else probably introduced you to your favorite activity today I know this is true for me and in college there are plenty of new people that your going to meet.Degree CollegeMy last unique quality would have to b e that I am a very friendly person. I rarely get into altercations with other people. I think this is a good characteristic to have in college because of all the people that are around you on an every day basis. The less problems you have with other people the better your college experience will be.Those are the characteristics that I have that will make me a great attribute to any university.

Vancouver Style Citation Guide Coming Soon!

Vancouver Style Citation Guide Coming Soon! Vancouver Style Citation Guide Coming Soon! Big news! Vancouver Style! We are excited to announce that will soon have a comprehensive citation guide for Vancouver style!   We hope to have the guide ready to go by the start of this coming academic year.   In the mean time, you can use our Vancouver (author-date)  or Vancouver (brackets, no â€Å"et al.†) automatic citation generators! Modern day Vancouver. (Image Courtesy of Darren Stone) What is Vancouver style? The Vancouver style is the style of choice for most biomedical journals and journals in  other scientific fields.   It was conceived during  a meeting in 1979, where medical journal editors convened in Vancouver, BC and decided on a standard citation style for the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).   Another name for Vancouver style is the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.   The style is also based on the requirement’s of the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s guide to citing medicine.    If you’re a scientist, regardless of age, Vancouver is certainly an important style to know about.   The other most common referencing system used in medicine is the Harvard system- CiteThisForMe.com has a great guide for Harvard Referencing, if  you want to learn more. Here is a sample citation for a standard journal article: Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 Apr;32(4):489-98. The general rule of thumb for mentioning a work in one’s scientific paper is that each cited piece of work that cited in the writer’s text is assigned a unique number, assigned by order of citation.   This number  is used  in bracket or superscript form whenever the paper references  that particular resource. For more general information on the Vancouver system and the history of medical referencing, check out this Wikipedia article. As usual, please leave any feedback you have on the update or the site in general.   We are constantly looking for ways to grow and improve and be as useful to the academic community as possible.   Thanks for using !

The Argentinian Tango Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Argentinian Tango - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on the Argentinean tango (Groppa, 2004). Tango has transformed and influenced Argentinean cultural landscape since it is one of the Argentina cultural identification pillar. Being a nation constituted by immigrants, cultural identification is hard to come by, thus Tango forms their cultural pillar (Gannon, 2004). The Tango emerged from a passionate emotion of Italian and Spanish immigrants, who were hard working. On this basis, the hard working culture of Argentineans is made known to the world because of a musical genre. Initially, the Argentinean elites were reluctant to embrace the Tango due to its association with the middle class and disadvantaged citizen. However, the unique and powerful expressiveness of Tango overcame the barrier and it became more than just a music genre (Gannon, 2004). The music surfaced an Argentina’s cultural traits of devotion and loyalty associated with courage and pride. These are culture traits associated with every Argentinean. Tango reflects Argentinean culture as a nation full of energetic, communal and fun loving people. Despite the turmoil of economic strain, Tango still unit the people through the cultural trait of devotion and loyalty (Gannon, 2004). The development of working class group in Argentina is associated with Tango. Despite the restrictions put by the military, during the golden age of Tango, the cultural inspiration associated with the dance soldiered on (Gannon, 2004). It is documented that the military were afraid of Tango and knew it can be used as revolution channel. The predominant cultures of Argentineans such as seeking stability, uncertainty avoidance, risk taking and risk avoidance can be linked to tango cultural traits (Gannon, 2004). It has been a driving force for justice and the utmost admiration for the fragile balance that sustains community in check. The struggle for unity and just system in Argentina is

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Macroeconomics - Essay Example The organization of petroleum exporting countries decides by them the cost per barrel of petroleum. The present price of petroleum in the world market has skyrocketed in the last few years because the OPEC members have agreed to limit the output per country. Since the agreed output has been reduced, the prices of petroleum per barrel have skyrocketed for the past few years. A study of the non – OPEC member nations, government and other academic researchers have shown that the non OPEC member nations may have equal sales with the OPEC member states in 2010. The worst case scenario is predicted by some scientists showing the world’s population will squander the limited petroleum oil supply. When the petroleum will dry up, then the world’s population will have a feeling that we are approaching the end of the world. Exxon has warned OPEC countries that the oil supply will not last forever. In some countries, solar energy research have been successful replacements for petroleum. Oil production can be subdividied between the OPEC member countries and the non OPEC. Countries have started looking for non-petroleum product replacements. An example is the electric power batteries. The solar powered homes and calculators are big successes. The introduction of the substitutes will help lower the the increasing barrel cost of petroleum (fossil) fuel. In fact, â€Å"Many large-scale projects, such as shale processing and synfuels (e.g., coal to liquids), were begun in the early 1980s, but these were abandoned when the price of oil fell drastically in 1986. However, research has continued at a steady pace since that time. Even producing oil from tar sands is now a alternative major industry in Canada. Plants to produce liquids from natural gas are operational, and much larger plants are under construction. Ethanol production from sugar cane and corn is now done on an industrial scale. Thus,

Youtube In school Essay Example for Free

Youtube In school Essay Almost every student and teacher has come across the YouTube ban. In just about every school in the nation,the website, YouTube is banned. Most students are frustrated and find the YouTube ban illogical. YouTube is a great resource for students and teachers alike, it can help them both learn and teach. Allowing the site could greatly improve the way a student is educated. Many people believe that youtube should be allowed in school, and not all of them are students who want to use it to mess around. There are many useful videos on YouTube that are being kept from the youth of America. There is a wide variety of how-to, instructional and other educational videos students could use for projects and research. YouTube could also let students express their creativity through projects that could be viewed by the public. Many educational websites use youtube videos to support the things that are taught in the classroom. An example of this is Khan Academy, which is one of the leading math websites and its owner, Salman Khan, a graduate of MIT and Harvard Business School, teaches a variety of math lessons through â€Å"hands on experience† and by doing the lesson in YouTube videos, which teachers and students don’t have access to. Many social studies/ history videos could aid history teachers in their lesson plans, such as videos from the History Channel, while keeping the kids entertained and still educating them. Many people who believe that youtube should not be allowed in school think that access to the site would simply distract students from their learning experience. The presence of videos that have non-educational, inappropriate, violent or explicit content may cause them to believe that. Students could possibly watch videos such as those during school hours that could distract them, or teach them something not up to par to the DOE standards. Some argue that students or teachers could use it as a form of cyber-bullying and an invasion of privacy. A video could be made putting down a teacher, student or group of students. A video like this could easily be shared and spread through the campus and students. Some videos may show students that did not want to be seen by the public, or their parents didn’t want their child to be â€Å"put on display†. So should YouTube be allowed in schools all around America? I think that the pros of allowing youtube heavily outweigh the cons and that it should be allowed in school. Many will argue that it will not go well but I think that if the staff and faculty of the school monitored the use of the site by the students then any misuse could be prevented and/or stopped. I know that this is a controversial topic and others may have different opinions, so I hope I helped you make up yours. Bibliography http://www. nytimes. com/2012/03/10/education/youtube-finds-a-way-off-schools-banned-list. html? pagewanted=all_r=0 http://people. cornellcollege. edu/MNeef12/ http://www. debate. org/debates/Youtube-should-be-allowed-in-schools-and-not-blocked/1/] http://acrawford24. wordpress. com/2012/09/23/youtube-in-schools-should-it-be-allowed-as-a-teaching-tool/.

Sex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody :: Free Essays Online

Sex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody Florida state law does not recognize same sex marriage. In this case, the law had no way of proving whether or not Michael Kantaras is a man or a woman, since having a female to male sex change. Depending on this, it will decide whether or not he (pending on decision) will be able to keep custody of his adopted children. If society had not let technology surpass their conventional thinking and laws, this case would be easier to decide, or at least not pending on the sex of Mr./Mrs. Kantaras. If Florida law, and that of other places, had thought about all the consequences of technology, such a case as this never would have come to be so controversial. So, is Michael Kantaras really a man, or is she the woman she was born as? Janice G. Raymond would say that Michael Kantaras is really Margo. She believes that transsexuals can never really relate to the female persona and therefore never truly be a woman. She bases this belief on the idea of male privilege. This is the privilege that men receive just for being men; they get higher pay, more leadership opportunities, are always seen as more competent, etc. Even though men are born with this privilege and may not realize they have it, they still experience it and have that edge to allow them to advance in society. Because of this, Raymond claims that male to female sex changes cannot know how it really is to be a woman. They do not realize they have this privilege, but continue to live being dominant because it is inherently within them. Sandy Stone, a male to female transsexual, is angered by Raymond's view. She became a successful employee at Olivia Records, and obtained a head position. Olivia records emerged during the 1970s toward the end of the women's movement in an attempt to produce lesbian feminist music. It wanted for women to obtain the head positions and dominate the company, so once word got out about Sandy Stone's natural born sex, there was much controversy and debate on whether or not to keep her at the head position. Those who believed she should be fired sided with Raymond's view, that having been a male, Stone had an advantage in being brought up to be competitive. Sex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody :: Free Essays Online Sex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody Florida state law does not recognize same sex marriage. In this case, the law had no way of proving whether or not Michael Kantaras is a man or a woman, since having a female to male sex change. Depending on this, it will decide whether or not he (pending on decision) will be able to keep custody of his adopted children. If society had not let technology surpass their conventional thinking and laws, this case would be easier to decide, or at least not pending on the sex of Mr./Mrs. Kantaras. If Florida law, and that of other places, had thought about all the consequences of technology, such a case as this never would have come to be so controversial. So, is Michael Kantaras really a man, or is she the woman she was born as? Janice G. Raymond would say that Michael Kantaras is really Margo. She believes that transsexuals can never really relate to the female persona and therefore never truly be a woman. She bases this belief on the idea of male privilege. This is the privilege that men receive just for being men; they get higher pay, more leadership opportunities, are always seen as more competent, etc. Even though men are born with this privilege and may not realize they have it, they still experience it and have that edge to allow them to advance in society. Because of this, Raymond claims that male to female sex changes cannot know how it really is to be a woman. They do not realize they have this privilege, but continue to live being dominant because it is inherently within them. Sandy Stone, a male to female transsexual, is angered by Raymond's view. She became a successful employee at Olivia Records, and obtained a head position. Olivia records emerged during the 1970s toward the end of the women's movement in an attempt to produce lesbian feminist music. It wanted for women to obtain the head positions and dominate the company, so once word got out about Sandy Stone's natural born sex, there was much controversy and debate on whether or not to keep her at the head position. Those who believed she should be fired sided with Raymond's view, that having been a male, Stone had an advantage in being brought up to be competitive.

Challenges Ahead for Venture Capital Financing in India

Venture Capital is money provided by professionals who invest and manage young rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors. According to SEBI regulations, venture capital fund means a fund established in the form of a company or trust, which raises money through loans, donations, issue of securities or units and makes or proposes, to make investments in accordance with these regulations. The funds so collected are available for investment in potentially highly profitable enterprises at a high risk of loss. A Venture Capitalist is an individual or a company who provides. Investment Capital, Management Expertise, Networking & marketing support while funding and running highly innovative & prospective areas of products as well as services. Thus, the investments made by Venture Capitalists generally involves – – Financing new and rapidly growing companies. – Purchasing equity securities. – Taking higher risk in expectation of higher rewards. – Having a long frame of time period, generally of more than 5 – 6 years. – Actively working with the company's management to devise strategies pertaining to the overall functioning of the project. – Networking and marketing of the product /service being offered. In an attempt to bring together highly influential Indians living across the United States, a networking society named IND US Entrepreneurs or TiE was set up in 1992. The aim was to get the Indian community together and to foster entrepreneurs for wealth creation. A core group of 10 – 15 individuals worked hard to establish the organisation. The group (TiE) has now over 600 members with 20 offices spread across the United States. Some of the famous personalities belonging to this group are Vinod Dham (father of the Pentium Chip), Prabhu Goel, K.B. Chandrashekhar (Head of $ 200 mn. Exodus Communications, a fibre optic network carrying 30% of all Internet content traffic hosting websites like Yahoo, Hotmail and Amazon.) Venture Capital Financing : It generally involves start up financing to help technically sound, globally competitive and potential projects to compete in the international markets with the high quality and reasonable cost aspects. The growth of South East Asian economies especially Hongkong, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia along with India has been due to the large pool of Venture Capital funds from domestic / offshore arenas. Venture Capitalists draw their investment funds from a pool of money raised from public and private investors. These funds are deployed generally as equity capital (ordinary and preference shares) and some times as subordinated debt which is a semi secured investment in the company (through debenture) ranking below the secured lenders that often requires periodic repayment. Today, a VC deal can involve common equity, convertible preferred equity and subordinated debt in different proportions. The Venture Capital funding varies across the different stages of growth of a firm. The various stages are : 1. Pre seed Stage : Here, a relatively small amount of capital is provided to an entrepreneur to conceive and market a potential idea having good future prospects. The funded work also involves product development to some extent. 2. Seed Stage : Financing is provided to complete product development and commence initial marketing formalities. 3. Early Stage / First Stage : Finance is provided to companies to initiate commercial manufacturing and sales. 4. Second Stage : In the Second Stage of Financing working capital is provided for the expansion of the company in terms of growing accounts receivable and inventory. 5. Third Stage : Funds provided for major expansion of a company having increasing sales volume. This stage is met when the firm crosses the break even point. 6. Bridge / Mezzanine Financing or Later Stage Financing : Bridge / Mezzanine Financing or Later Stage Financing is financing a company just before its IPO (Initial Public Offer). Often, bridge finance is structured so that it can be repaid, from the proceeds of a public offering. There are basically four key elements in financing of ventures which are studied in depth by the venture capitalists. These are : 1. Management : The strength, expertise & unity of the key people on the board brings significant credibility to the company. The members are to be mature, experienced possessing working knowledge of business and capable of taking potentially high risks. 2. Potential for Capital Gain : An above average rate of return of about 30 – 40% is required by venture capitalists. The rate of return also depends upon the stage of the business cycle where funds are being deployed. Earlier the stage, higher is the risk and hence the return. 3. Realistic Financial Requirement and Projections : The venture capitalist requires a realistic view about the present health of the organisation as well as future projections regarding scope, nature and performance of the company in terms of scale of operations, operating profit and further costs related to product development through Research & Development. 4. Owner's Financial Stake : The financial resources owned & committed by the entrepreneur/ owner in the business including the funds invested by family, friends and relatives, play a very important role in increasing the viability of the business. It is an important avenue where the venture capitalist keeps an open eye. Problems of Venture Capital Financing : VCF is in its nascent stages in India. The emerging scenario of global competitiveness has put an immense pressure on the industrial sector to improve the quality level with minimisation of cost of products by making use of latest technological skills. The implication is to obtain adequate financing along with the necessary hi-tech equipments to produce an innovative product which can succeed and grow in the present market condition. Unfortunately, our country lacks on both fronts. The necessary capital can be obtained from the venture capital firms who expect an above average rate of return on the investment. The financing firms expect a sound, experienced, mature and capable management team of the company being financed. Since the innovative project involves a higher risk, there is an expectation of higher returns from the project. The payback period is also generally high (5 – 7 years).

Conflict theory Essay

Copy and ecause those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are not bound to society by their shared values, but by coercion at the hands of those in power. This perspective emphasizes social control, not consensus and conformity. Groups and individuals advance their own interests, struggling over control of societal resources. Those with the most resources exercise power over others with inequality and power struggles result. There is great attention paid to class, racWhereas most other sociological theories focus on the positive aspects of society, conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Conflict theorists, for example, may interpret an â€Å"elite† board of regents raising tuition to pay for esoteric new programs that raise the prestige of a local college as self-serving rather than as beneficial for students. Whereas American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the tumultuous 1960s saw American sociologists gain considerable interest in conflict theory. They also expanded Marx’s idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective suggest that it glosses over the complexities and nuances of everyday life and relationships of power.

Mary Rowlandson essays

Mary Rowlandson essays Cabeza de Vaca was in a quite different situation than Mary Rowlandson; however they shared several similarities while in captivity by the Indians. Cabeza de Vaca was in captivity much earlier than Mary Rowlandson, this has a lot to do with how the Indians accept and act toward the Englishmen. Cabeza de Vaca was there on a mission given to him by Carlos V; where as Mary Rowlandson was there to settle with her family. These two differences explain much about how they react to the captivity and their dedication to survive. Cabeza de Vaca was on a mission to succeed in some way. It could be the way of his failure that he tried for a spiritual success. Although, with Mary Rowlandson she was always thinking of God throughout her entire struggle to stay alive in captivity. From the day the Indians came into her home and captured her and her family she was constantly relying on God for help. It is not my tongue, or pen can express the sorrows of my heart, and bitterness of my spirit , that I had at this departure: but God was with me, in a wonderful manner, carrying me along, and bearing up my spirit, that it did not quite fail. Quotes like this one show just how much she was relying on God to get her through this hell she was in. This was similar to how Cabeza de Vaca and his men were able to survive their captivity. There is one major difference between these two people. Cabeza de Vaca changed his attitude of trying to get back to the homeland to staying and becoming a leader of the New World. Where as Mary Rowlandson was just trying to get back home to her family. I could not imagine going through the suffrage that she went through. Like for instance when she and her child were on the horse with no saddle and they both fall off going down a hill and the Indians just laugh, all this while both of them are on the verge of death. However after the death of her child (that she physically carried ...

San Francisco State - SAT Scores and Admissions Data

San Francisco State - SAT Scores and Admissions Data San Francisco State University Admissions Overview: As part of the application, students will need to submit scores from the SAT or ACT. While the majority of applicants submit SAT scores, the university accepts both equally. For more information, check out the schools website or contact the admissions office. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): San Francisco State University Acceptance Rate: 68%SF State GPA, SAT and ACT Score GraphTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 430 / 540SAT Math: 430 / 550SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanCompare Cal State SAT ScoresACT Composite: 18 / 24ACT English: 16  / 24ACT Math: 17 / 24What these ACT numbers meanCompare Cal State ACT Scores San Francisco State Description: Founded in 1899, San Francisco State University takes pride in the diversity of its student body. 67% of undergraduates are students of color. Students come from 94 countries, and the school enrolls more international students than any other masters degree-granting university in the U.S. San Francisco State offers 115 bachelors and 95 masters programs. The 142-acre urban campus gives students ready access to the dining and cultural attractions of the city. In athletics, the San Francisco State Gators compete in the NCAA Division II  California Collegiate Athletic Association. Popular sports include softball, cross country, basketball, soccer, and wrestling.  SFS is one of the  23 Cal State schools. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 29,045  (25,945 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 44% Male / 56% Female83% Full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $6,484  (in-state); $17,644  (out-of-state)Books: $1,900  (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,882Other Expenses: $2,966Total Cost: $25,232  (in-state); $36,392 (out-of-state) San Francisco State Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 76%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 69%Loans: 42%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,817Loans: $5,441 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Early Childhood Education, English, Film Studies, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Psychology, Radio and Television, Speech and Rhetorical Studies What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80%Transfer Out Rate: 6%4-Year Graduation Rate: 18%6-Year Graduation Rate: 53% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Soccer, Wrestling, Cross Country, Baseball, BasketballWomens Sports:  Softball, Volleyball, Track and Field, Basketball, Soccer, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield | Channel Islands | Chico | Dominquez Hills | East Bay | Fresno State | Fullerton | Humboldt | Long Beach | Los Angeles | Maritime | Monterey Bay | Northridge | Pomona (Cal Poly) | Sacramento | San Bernardino | San Diego | San Francisco | San Jose State | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) | San Marcos | Sonoma State | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System

Values, Beliefs, Norms, and Behavior in the Context of Human Culture Essay

Values, Beliefs, Norms, and Behavior in the Context of Human Culture - Essay Example Culture consists of the foods that we cook and eat, our living arrangements, communication with society, and our behavior. The author makes this point very well. He suggests that human nature and culture are different things but there is a lot of interplay between them. But culture itself can be broken down in smaller parts too. In order to get a full picture of a culture in a general sense, we should look at four important aspects: Values, beliefs, norms, and behavior. What are values? Everyone decides for themselves what they believe to be right and wrong, but they are often powerfully influenced by the people and traditions around them. Some people have been colonized by other dominant countries and therefore have a slight inferiority complex. Others belong to ethnic and linguistic minorities—facts which influence the way they see the world. Some countries have religions that encourage them to have large families. All this must be taken into account when entering another country with the intention to practice business there. Beliefs can be summed up as ideas that are held by a large number of people—perhaps not always based on empirical facts. They might be a religion held in common, for example, or an idea of history, which perhaps does not perfectly accord with the facts. These are often powerful motivating factors in a culture. Norms are very similar to values, but they are broader. Norms are what the society at large tends to believe are the correct values or morals to live by. In most societies, the idea that lying is wrong is considered a norm. Norms might change, but usually, they change very slowly. Especially in cultures that are religious and conservative.  

The Aviator Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Aviator - Movie Review Example This article is a review of the movie looking into the themes, character, style and narratives. The information presented in this article is obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source is through watching the films and trying it analyze the characters and finding out the themes. The secondary sources are the reviews that have been conducted by various authors on the movie. Different reviewers have given their views on the style and the representation of characters in the film. These sources were used to get the plot of the story and style used. The narrative style together with other techniques of film making is explored. The characters were then analyzed against each other (Marrett, 195). The different themes are then explored and the role each character played in the realization of these themes discussed. The movie starts when Hunges is a young boy where his mother tells him to take caution not to get a flue. Then in the year 1927, Hunges inherits his family fortune in California. He uses this fortune to design oil drilling bits a venture that made him a billionaire. Later when he was 22, he decided to invest in the film industry an area where he had a huge interest in. His first film was the silent Hells Angel which he works very hard to ensure that it turns out perfectly. His next film had some talking and was called The Jazz Singer. During this time, he also produced a sound version of the Hells Angel which became a major Hollywood hit. This was a key to entry into the Hollywood social network and he dated two Hollywood stars Jean Harlow and Katharine Hepburn. However, he did not quite fit into Hollywood and he decided to go back to designing aircrafts. He made new design and even risked his life trying out new aircrafts and flying around the globe. He even got into an accident ov er Beverly Hills when taking XF-11 for a test flight. He got major injuries that

Who is to blame for obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Who is to blame for obesity - Essay Example This essay "Who is to blame for obesity?" outlines how the American food industry has led to huge numbers of people with obesity especially children who are considered as heavy consumers. The obesity rate in America has increased, and that points a finger at fast food restaurants. Young people are at a high rate of facing obesity. When it comes to who is responsible for such cases, the blame can be directed to the consumers since they are the ones who consume such foods voluntarily [ChrisPomo 15]. Parents can also be blamed for the rise of obesity for their children because they teach their children to eat such foods and do not encourage them to exercise on a daily basis. Parents allow their children to consume unhealthy foods and watch television while playing computers endlessly. Parents play a huge role in obesity among their children since they are responsible for their lifestyles in their households. They have the main decisions on what to buy in terms of healthy or unhealthy fo ods. When parents choose to buy unhealthy foods, this has an effect on the child’s behavior in their future, as they tend to follow suit that their parents instilled in them. The blame game may also be directed to the government and fast food restaurants in the country. The government has initiatives for ensuring that people should eat sugar-free foods that taste terrible. Therefore, most manufacturers lead such foods with chemicals that improve the taste for such foods. The government has failed to pass laws that regulated the amount of additives to be used.

Measuring weak-form market efficiency

Measuring weak-form market efficiency Measuring Weak-form Market Efficiency ABSTRACT This paper tests weak-form efficiency in the U.S. market. Both daily and monthly returns are employed for autocorrelation analysis, variance ratio tests and delay tests. Three conclusions are reached. Firstly, security returns are predictable to some extent. While individual stock returns are weakly negatively correlated and difficult to predict, market-wide indices with outstanding recent performance show a positive autocorrelation and offer more predictable profit opportunities. Secondly, monthly returns follow random walk better than daily returns and are thus more weak-form efficient. Finally, weak-form inefficiency is not necessarily bad. Investors should be rewarded a certain degree of predictability for bearing risks. Efficient market hypothesis (EMH), also known as information efficiency, refers to the extent to which stock prices incorporate all available information. The notion is important in helping investors to understand security behaviour so as to make wise investment decisions. According to Fama (1970), there are three versions of market efficiency: the weak, semistrong, and strong form. They differ with respect to the information that is incorporated in the stock prices. The weak form efficiency assumes that stock prices already incorporate all past trading information. Therefore, technical analysis on past stock prices will not be helpful in gaining abnormal returns. The semistrong form efficiency extends the information set to all publicly available information including not only past trading information but also fundamental data on firm prospects. Therefore, neither technical analysis nor fundamental analysis will be able to produce abnormal returns. Strong form efficiency differs fro m the above two in stating that stock prices not only reflect publicly available information but also private inside information. However, this form of market efficiency is always rejected by empirical evidence. If weak-form efficiency holds true, the information contained in past stock price will be completely and instantly reflected in the current price. Under such condition, no pattern can be observed in stock prices. In other words, stock prices tend to follow a random walk model. Therefore, the test of weak-form market efficiency is actually a test of random walk but not vice versa. The more efficient the market is, the more random are the stock prices, and efforts by fund managers to exploit past price history will not be profitable since future prices are completely unpredictable. Therefore, measuring weak-form efficiency is crucial not only in academic research but also in practice because it affects trading strategies. This paper primarily tests the weak-form efficiency for three stocks-Faro Technologies Inc. (FARO), FEI Company (FEIC) and Fidelity Southern Corporation (LION) and two decile indices-the NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ Index capitalisation based Deciles 1 and 10 (NAN D1 and NAN D10). Both daily and monthly data are employed here to detect any violation of the random walk hypothesis. The remainder of the paper is structured in the following way. Section I provides a brief introduction of the three firms and two decile indices. Section II describes the data and discusses the methodology used. Section III presents descriptive statistics. Section IV is the result based on empirical analysis. Finally, section V concludes the paper. I. The Companies[1] A. Faro Technologies Inc (FARO) FARO Technologies is an instrument company whose principle activities include design and develop portable 3-D electronic systems for industrial applications in the manufacturing system. The companys principal products include the Faro Arm, Faro Scan Arm and Faro Gage articulated measuring devices. It mainly operates in the United States and Europe. B. FEI Company (FEI) FEI is a leading scientific instruments company which develops and manufactures diversified semiconductor equipments including electron microscopes and beam systems. It operates in four segments: NanoElectronics, NanoResearch and Industry, NanoBiology and Service and Components. With a 60-year history, it now has approximately 1800 employees and sells products to more than 50 countries around the world. C. Fidelity Southern Corp. (LION) Fidelity Southern Corp. is one of the largest community banks in metro Atlanta which provides a wide range of financial services including commercial and mortgage services to both corporate and personal customers. It also provides international trade services, trust services, credit card loans, and merchant services. The company provides financial products and services for business and retail customers primarily through branches and via internet. D. NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ Index It is an index taken from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) which includes all common stocks listed on the NYSE, Amex, and NASDAQ National Market. The index is constructed by ranking all NYSE companies according to their market capitalization in the first place. They are then divided into 10 decile portfolios. Amex and NASDAQ stocks are then placed into the deciles based on NYSE breakpoints. The smallest and the largest firms based on market capitalization are placed into Decile 1 and Decile 10, respectively. II. Data and Methodology A. Data Data for the three stocks and two decile indices in our study are all obtained from the Center for Research in Securities Prices database (CRSP) on both daily and monthly basis from January 2000 to December 2005. Returns are then computed on both basis, generating a total of 1507 daily observations and 71 monthly observations. The NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ Index is CRSP Capitalisation-based so that Decile 1 and 10 represent the smallest and largest firms, respectively, based on market capitalisation. In addition, The Standard and Poors 500 Index (SP 500) is used as a proxy for the market index. It is a valued-weighted index which incorporates the largest 500 stocks in US market. For comparison purposes, both continuously compounded (log) returns and simple returns are reported, although the analysis is based on the result of the first one. B. Methods B.1. Autocorrelation Tests One of the most intuitive and simple tests of random walk is to test for serial dependence, i.e. autocorrelation. The autocorrelation is a time-series phenomenon, which implies the serial correlation between certain lagged values in a time series. The first-order autocorrelation, for instance, indicates to what extent neighboring observations are correlated. The autocorrelation test is always used to test RW3, which is a less restrictive version of random walk model, allowing the existence of dependent but uncorrelated increments in return data. The formula of autocorrelation at lag k is given by: (1) where is the autocorrelation at lag ; is the log-return on stock at time; and is the log-return on stock at time. A greater than zero indicates a positive serial correlation whereas a less than zero indicates a negative serial correlation. Both positive and negative autocorrelation represent departures from the random walk model. If is significantly different from zero, the null hypothesis of a random walk is rejected. The autocorrelation coefficients up to 5 lags for daily data and 3 lags for monthly data are reported in our test. Results of the Ljung-Box test for all lags up to the above mentioned for both daily and monthly data are also reported. The Ljung-Box test is a more powerful test by summing the squared autocorrelations. It provides evidence for whether departure for zero autocorrelation is observed at all lags up to certain lags in either direction. The Q-statistic up to a certain lag m is given by: (2) B.2. Variance Ratio Tests We follow Lo and MacKinlays (1988) single variance ratio (VR) test in our study. The test is based on a very important assumption of random walk that variance of increments is a linear function of the time interval. In other words, if the random walk holds, the variance of the qth differed value should be equal to q times the variance of the first differed value. For example, the variance of a two-period return should be equal to twice the variance of the one-period return. According to its definition, the formula of variance ratio is denoted by: (3) where q is any positive integer. Under the null hypothesis of a random walk, VR(q) should be equal to one at all lags. If VR(q) is greater than one, there is positive serial correlation which indicates a persistence in prices, corresponding to the momentum effect. If VR(q) is less than one, there is negative serial correlation which indicates a reversal in prices, corresponding to the mean-reverting process. Note that the above two test are also tests of how stock prices react to publicly available information in the past. If market efficiency holds true, information from past prices should be immediately and fully reflected in the current stock price. Therefore, future stock price change conditioned on past prices should be equal to zero. B.3. Griffin-Kelly-Nardari DELAY Tests As defined by Griffin, Kelly and Nardari (2007), delay is a measure of sensitivity of current returns to past market-wide information.[2] Speaking differently, delay measures how quickly stock returns can react to market returns. The logic behind this is that a stock which is slow to incorporate market information is less efficient than a stock which responds quickly to market movements. SP 500 index is employed in delay test to examine the sensitivity of stock returns to market information. For each stock and decile index, both restricted and unrestricted models are estimated from January 2000 to December 2005. The unrestricted model is given by: (4) where is the log-return on stock i at time t; is the market log-return (return for SP 500 index) at time t; is the lagged market return; is the coefficient on the lagged market return; and is the lag which is 1, 2, 3, 4 for the daily data and 1, 2, 3 for the monthly data. The restricted model is as follows which sets all to be zero: (5) Delay is then calculated based on adjusted R-squares from above regressions as follows: (6) An alternative scaled measure of delay is given by: (7) Both measures are reported in a way that the larger the calculated delay value, the more return variation is explained by lagged market returns and thus the more delayed response to the market information. III. Descriptive Statistics A. Daily frequencies Table I shows the summary statistic of daily returns for the three stocks and two decile indices. The highest mean return is for FARO (0.0012), whereas the lowest mean return is for NAN D10 (0.0000). In terms of median return, NAN D1 (0.0015) outperforms all the other stocks. Both the highest maximum return and the lowest minimum return (0.2998 and -0.2184, respectively) are for FARO, corresponding to its highest standard deviation (0.0485) among all, indicating that FARO is the most volatile in returns. On the other hand, both the lowest maximum return and highest minimum return (0.0543 and -0.0675, respectively) are for NAN D10. However NAN D10 is only the second least volatile, while the lowest standard deviation is for NAN D1 (0.0108). Figure 1 and 2 presents the price level of the most and least volatile index (stock). All the above observations remain true if we change from log-return basis to a simple return basis. In terms of the degree of asymmetry of the return distributions, all stocks and indices are positively skewed, with the only exception of NAN D1. The positive skewness implies that more extreme values are in the right tail of the distribution, i.e. stocks are more likely to have times when performance is extremely good. On the other hand, NAN D1 is slightly negatively skewed, which means that returns are more likely to be lower that what is expected by normal distribution. In measuring the peakedness of return distributions, positive excess kurtosis is observed in all stocks and indices, also known as a leptokurtic distribution, which means that returns either cluster around the mean or disperse in the two ends of the distribution. All the above observations can be used to conclusively reject the null hypothesis that daily returns are normally distributed. What more, results from Jarque-Bera test provide supportive evidence for rejection of the normality hypothesis at all significant levels for all stocks and indices. B. Monthly frequencies Descriptive statistics of monthly returns are likewise presented in Table II. Most of the above conclusions reached for daily returns are also valid in the context of monthly returns. In other words, what is the highest (lowest) value for daily returns is also the highest (lowest) for monthly returns in most cases. The only exceptions are for the highest value in median returns and the lowest value and standard deviation in minimum returns. In this situation, NAN D10 (0.0460) and FARO (0.1944) have the least and most dispersion according to their standard deviations, compared with NAN D1 and FARO in daily case. From above observation, we can see that decile indices are more stable than individual stocks in terms of returns. Whats more, monthly returns have larger magnitude in most values than daily returns. Coming to the measurement of asymmetry and peakedness of return distributions, only NAN D10 (-0.4531) is negatively skewed. However, the degree of skewness is not far from 0. Other stocks and index are all positively skewed with both FEIC (0.0395) and LION (0.0320) having a skewness value very close to 0. Almost all stocks and index have a degree of kurtosis similar to that of normal distribution, except that NAN D1 (8.6623) is highly peaked. This is also consistent with the results of JB p-values, based on which we conclude that FEIC, LION and NAN D10 are approximately normal because we fail to reject the hypothesis that they are normally distributed at 5% or higher levels (see Figure 3 and 4 for reference). However when simple return basis is used, FEIC is no longer normally distributed even at the 1% significant level. Except this, using simple return produces similar results. IV. Results A. Autocorrelation Tests A.1. Tests for Log-Returns The results of autocorrelation tests for up to 5 lags of daily log-returns and up to 3 lags of monthly log-returns for three stocks and two decile indices from January 2000 to December 2005 are summarised in Table III. Both the autocorrelation (AC) and partial autocorrelation (PAC) are examined in our tests. As is shown in Panel A, all 5 lags of FARO, FEIC and NAN D10 for both AC and PAC are insignificant at 5% level, except for the fourth-order PAC coefficient of FARO (-0.052), which is slightly negatively significant. On the contrary, NAN D1 has significant positive AC and PAC at almost all lags except in the fourth order, its PAC (0.050) is barely within the 5% significance level. The significant AC and PAC coefficients reject the null hypothesis of no serial correlation in NAN D1, thereby rejecting the weak-form efficiency. In terms of LION, significant negative autocorrelation coefficients are only observed in the first two orders and its higher-order coefficients are not statistically significant. Besides that, we find that all the stocks and indices have negative autocorrelation coefficients at most of their lags, with the only exception of NAN D1, whose coefficients are all positive. The strictly positive AC and PAC indicates persistence in returns, i.e. a momentum effect for NAN D1, which means that good or bad performances in the past tend to continue over time. We also present the Ljung-Box (L-B) test statistic in order to see whether autocorrelation coefficients up to a specific lag are jointly significant. Since RW1 implies all autocorrelations are zero, the L-B test is more powerful because it tests the joint hypothesis. As is shown in the table, both LION and NAN D1 have significant Q values in all lags at all levels, while none of FARO, FEIC and NAN D10 has significant Q values. Based on above daily observations, we may conclude that the null hypothesis of no serial correlation is rejected at all levels for LION and NAN D1, but the null hypothesis cannot be rejected at either 5% level or 10% level for FARO, FEIC and NAN D10. This means that both LION and NAN D1 are weak-form inefficient. By looking at their past performance, we find that while NAN D1 outperformed the market in sample period, LION performed badly in the same period. Therefore, it seems that stocks or indices with best and worst recent performance have stronger autocorrelation. In particular, LION shows a positive autocorrelation in returns, suggesting that market-wide indices with outstanding recent performance have momentum in returns over short periods, which offer predictable opportunities to investors. When monthly returns are employed, no single stock or index has significant AC or PAC in any lag reported at 5% level. It is in contrast with daily returns, which means that monthly returns follow a random walk better than daily returns. More powerful L-B test confirms our conclusion by showing that Q statistics for all stocks and indices are statistically insignificant at either 5% or 10% level. Therefore, the L-B null hypothesis can be conclusively rejected for all stocks and indices up to 3 lags. When compared with daily returns, monthly returns seem to follow random walk better and are thus more weak-form efficient. A.2. Tests for Squared Log-Returns Even when returns are not correlated, their volatility may be correlated. Therefore, it is necessary for us to expand the study from returns to variances of returns. Squared log-returns and absolute value of log-returns are measures of variances and are thus useful in studying the serial dependence of return volatility. The results of autocorrelation analysis for daily squared log-returns for all three stocks and two decile indices are likewise reported in Table IV. In contrast to the results for log-returns, coefficients for FEIC, LION, NAN D1 and NAN D10 are significantly different from zero, except for the forth-order PAC coefficient (0.025) for FEIC, the fifth-order PAC coefficient for LION (-0.047) and third- and forth-order PAC coefficient for NAN D1 (-0.020 and -0.014, respectively). FARO has significant positive AC and PAC at the first lag and a significant AC at the third lag. The L-B test provides stronger evidence against the null hypothesis that sum of the squared autocorrelations up to 5 lags is zero for all stocks and indices at all significant levels, based on which we confirm our result that squared log-returns do not follow a random walk. Another contrasting result with that of log-returns is that almost all the autocorrelation coefficients are positive, indicating a stronger positive serial dependence in squared log-returns. In terms of monthly data, only FEIC and NAN D10 have significant positive third-order AC and PAC estimates. Other stocks and indices have coefficients not significantly different from zero. The result is supported by Ljung-Box test statistics showing that Q values are only statistically significant in the third lag for both FEIC and NAN D10. This is consistent with the result reached for log-returns above, which says that monthly returns appear to be more random than daily returns. A.3. Tests for the Absolute Values of Log-Returns Table V provides autocorrelation results for the absolute value of log-returns in similar manner. However, as will be discussed below, the results are even more contrasting than that in Table IV. In Panel A, all the stocks and indices have significant positive serial correlation while insignificant PAC estimates are only displayed in lag 5 for both FARO and LION. Supporting above result, Q values provide evidence against the null hypothesis of no autocorrelation. Therefore, absolute value of daily log-returns exhibit stronger serial dependence than in Table III and IV, and autocorrelations are strictly positive for all stocks and indices. Coming to the absolute value of monthly log-returns, only FEIC displays significant individual and joint serial correlation. NAN D1 also displays a significant Q value in lag 2 at 5% level, but it is insignificant at 1% level. Based on the above evidence, two consistent conclusions can be made at this point. First of all, by changing ingredients in our test from log-returns to squared log-returns and absolute value of log-returns, more positive serial correlation can be observed, especially in daily data. Therefore, return variances are more correlated. Secondly, monthly returns tend to follow a random walk model better than daily returns. A.4. Correlation Matrix of Stocks and Indices Table VI presents the correlation matrix for all stocks and indices. As is shown in Panel A for daily result, all of the correlations are positive, ranging from 0.0551 (LION-FARO) to 0.5299 (NAN D10-FEIC). Within individual stocks, correlation coefficients do not differ a lot. The highest correlation is between FEIC and FARO with only 0.1214, indicating a fairly weak relationship between individual stocks returns. However, in terms of stock-index relationships, they differ drastically from 0.0638 (NAN D10-FARO) to 0.5299 (NAN D10-FEIC). While the positive correlation implies that the three stocks follow the indices in the same direction, the extent to which they will move with the indices is quite different, indicating different levels of risk with regard to different stock. Finally, we find that the correlation between NAN D10 and NAN D1 is the second highest at 0.5052. Panel B provides the correlation matrix for monthly data. Similar to results for daily data, negative correlation is not observed. The highest correlation attributes to that between NAN D10 and FEIC (0.7109) once again, but the lowest is between LION and FEIC (0.1146) this time. Compared with results in Panel A, correlation within individual stocks is slightly higher on average. The improvement in correlation is even more obvious between stocks and indices. It implies that stock prices can change dramatically from day to day, but they tend to follow the movement of indices in a longer horizon. Finally, the correlation between two indices is once again the second highest at 0.5116, following that between NAN D10 and FEIC. It is also found that the correlation between indices improves only marginally when daily data are replaced by monthly data, indicating a relatively stable relationship between indices. B. Variance Ratio Tests The results of variance ratio tests are presented in Table VII for each of the three stocks and two decile indices. The test is designed to test for the null hypothesis of a random walk under both homoskedasticity and heteroskedasticity. Since the violation of a random walk can result either from changing variance, i.e. heteroskedasticity, or autocorrelation in returns, the test can help to discriminate reasons for deviation to some extent. The lag orders are 2, 4, 8 and 16. In Table VII, the variance ratio (VR(q)), the homoskedastic-consistent statistics (Z(q)) and the heteroskedastic-consistent statistics (Z*(q)) are presented for each lag. As is pointed out by Lo and MacKinlay (1988), the variance ratio statistic VR(2) is equal to one plus the first-order correlation coefficient. Since all the autocorrelations are zero under RW1, VR(2) should equal one. The conclusion can be generalised further to state that for all q, VR(q) should equal one. According to the first Panel in Table VII, of all stocks and indices, only LION and NAN D1 have variance ratios that are significantly different from one at all lags. Therefore, the null hypothesis of a random walk under both homoskedasticity and heteroskedasticity is rejected for LION and NAN D1, and thus they are not weak-form efficient because of autocorrelations. In terms of FARO, the null hypothesis of a homoskedastic random walk is rejected, while the hypothesis of a heteroskedastic random walk is not. This implies that the rejection of random walk under homoskedasticity could partly result from, if not entirely due to heteroskedasticity. On the other hand, both FEIC and NAN D10 follow random walk and turn out to be efficient in weak form, corresponding exactly to the autocorrelation results reached before in Table III. Panel B shows that when monthly data are used, the null hypothesis under both forms of random walk can only be rejected for FARO. As for FEIC, the random walk null hypothesis is rejected under homoskedasticity, but not under heteroskedasticity, indicating that rejection is not due to changing variances because Z*(q) is heteroskedasticity-consistent. As is shown in Panel A for daily data, all individual stocks have variance ratios less than one, implying negative autocorrelation. However, the autocorrelation for stocks is statistically insignificant except for LION. On the other hand, variance ratios for NAN D1 are greater than one and increasing in q. The above finding provides supplementary evidence to the results of autocorrelation tests. As Table III shows, NAN D1 has positive autocorrelation coefficients in all lags, suggesting a momentum effect in multiperiod returns. Both findings appear to be well supported by empirical evidence. While daily returns of individual stocks seem to be weakly negatively correlated (French and Roll (1986)), returns for best performing market indices such as NAN D1 show strong positive autocorrelation (Campbell, Lo, and MacKinlay (1997)). The fact that individual stocks have statistically insignificant autocorrelations is mainly due to the specific noise contained in company information, which m akes individual security returns unpredictable. On the contrary, while the positive serial correlation for NAN D1 violates the random walk, such deviation provides investors with confidence to forecast future prices and reliability to make profits. C. Griffin, Kelly and Nardari DELAY Tests The results of delay test for the three stocks and two decile indices over the January 2000 to December 2005 period are summarised in Table VIII. We use lag 1, 2, 3, 4 for the daily data and 1, 2, 3 for the monthly data. As is presented in Panel A for daily returns, Delay_1 value for NAN D10 is close to zero and hence not significant, while NAN D1 has the highest delay among all stocks and indices. The rank of delay within individual stocks seems to have a positive relationship between size and delay value, by showing that delay of LION, the stock with smallest market capitalization is lowest, while the delay of FEIC, the stock with largest market capitalization is highest. It seems to contradict with the Griffin, Kelly and Nardari (2006) study, which says that there is an inverse relationship between size and delay. One possible explanation for that is that delay calculated by daily data on individual firms is noisy. The scaled measure Delay_2 produces consistent conclusion but with higher magnitude in values. Delay_2 values are very different from zero for FARO, FEIC, LION and NAN D1. The largest increase in value is seen in FARO from 0.0067 for Delay_1 to 0.7901 for Delay_2. Therefore, Griffin, Kelly and Nardari delay measure is preferable, because the scaled version can result in large values without economic significance. As is displayed in Panel B, employing monthly data also leads to higher Delay_1 values, indicating that more variation of monthly returns are captured by lagged market returns and hence monthly returns are not as sensitive as daily returns to market-wide news. However, an inverse relationship is found this time between delay and market value of individual stocks. Therefore, monthly data provides consistent result to support Griffin, Kelly and Nardari (2006) result as one would normally expect larger stocks to be more efficient in responding to market. Similar to the result for daily data, scaled measure once again produces higher values than its alternative but it provides the same results. V. Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to test weak-form efficiency in the U.S. market. As is found by selected tests, NAN D10 and FEIC provide the most consistent evidence to show weak-form efficiency, while the deviation from random walk is suggested for other stocks and indices, especially for NAN D1 and LION. It indicates that security returns are predictable to some degree, especially for those having best and worst recent performance. The three autocorrelation tests provide different results in terms of daily returns. While the null hypothesis of random walk is rejected for NAN D1 and LION based on log-returns, it is rejected for all stocks and indices based on both squared and absolute value of log-returns, indicating that return variances are more correlated. On the other hand, results in the context of monthly returns are consistent. Monthly returns follow a random walk much better than daily returns in all three tests. Most evidently, the autocorrelation test fails to reject the presence of random walk for all stocks and indices when monthly log-returns are employed. The variance ratio tests provide supportive evidence for autocorrelation tests. Both tests find that in terms of daily return, NAN D1 and LION show a significant return dependence. In particular, variance ratios for NAN D1 are all above one, corresponding to its positive AC and PAC coefficients, thus implying positive autocorrelation in returns. Whats more, individual stocks have variance ratios less than one with FEIC and FARO both being insignificant. The above evidence conclusively suggest that while individual stock returns are weakly negatively related and difficult to predict, market-wide indices with outstanding recent performance such as NAN D1 tend to show a stronger positive serial correlation and thus offer predictable profit opportunities. The evidence regarding delay tests is consistent with earlier findings to a large extent. NAN D1 has highest delay in both daily and monthly cases, implying an inefficient response to market news. In the context of monthly log-returns, delay values for individual stocks rank inversely based on market capitalisation with larger cap stocks having lower delay, suggesting that small stocks do not capture past public information quickly and are thus inefficient. Finally, deviation from a random walk model and thus being weak-form inefficiency is not necessarily bad. In fact, investors should be rewarded a certain degree of predictability for bearing risks. Therefore, future research could be done by incorporating risk into the model. [1] Company information is mainly obtained from Thomson One Banker database. [2] Griffin, John M., Patrick J. Kelly, and Federico Nardari, 2006, Measuring short-term international stock market efficiency, Working Paper

Computers In Education :: Technology

Computer's Value in Education What is an education? Education is defined as "the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process or an instructive or enlightening experience" (Dictionary 1).It says that it's the knowledge obtained, but does it matter where this knowledge is obtained? We now use computers in our society, which allow us to do many things. However, in today's society, children go through their entire education using the computer. There is now cyber schooling, where a child no longer attends school but learns at home in front of their computer. Should this, however, be how students learn and become educated? We, as Americans, educate our children by putting them through years of schooling. A child is suggested to go through 13 years of schooling. After graduating high school, it is greatly recommended to go further onto college to become more educated in certain areas. There are thousands of schools throughout America, however. Therefore, the students at the many schools will learn different things. We gain our knowledge through many resources during these years of learning. Teachers, other students, computers, and much more are ways we attain our education. Computers are a dynamic addition to education, and could be considered to be almost like a school in itself. Computers have advanced our knowledge greatly since we have introduced them into our society, and started to use them in our everyday lives. This being the reason we now use them greatly in schooling. Computers in schooling are used for many things. Computers enable students to share learning with others. Computers can greatly enhance the writing process of a student. It allows them to change things easily, cut things out of writing and move it to different places, add pictures, and many other attributes to writing. Computers should be compared to encyclopedias, libraries, newspapers, television and any other information tools used in the classroom. Computer knowledge does not however, replace any of the subject area skills. However, the spelling ability of a computer is much greater than most human's ability. It has almost a built in dictionary which is not like a typical human. Students need to learn to do research on the Internet, but they also need to learn to research books. Students also need to learn to use a spellchecker, but they also need to learn to spell correctly and proofread their work without a computerized grammar checker.

Traffic Problems

[pic] A research Report on Traffic problems in Big Cities (Islamabad) [pic] By: Aqsa Shahzadi (100827) Basharat Jamil (100811) Kaneez Amna (100869) Sidra Tul Muntaha (100809) Hamza Ashraf (100803) Submitted to: Mr. Naveed Ahsan Business communication BBA-3B [pic] Air University Islamabad [pic] Table of Content Contents Page No 1. Introduction3 1. 1 Core issue:3 1. 2 Purpose:3 1. 3 Scope3 1. 4 Methodology3 1. 4. 1 Findings5 3. Traffic jams in different areas of Islamabad city8 4. Causes of Traffic Problem. 9 5. Solutions to Traffic Problems10 6. Limitations11 7. References11 8. Interview Questions. 12 [pic] 1.INTRODUCTION 1. 1 CORE ISSUE: Our core issue is traffic problems at the entrance areas of Islamabad. Why mostly traffic jams in these area and how traffic is controlled in those areas by the traffic police. 1. 2 PURPOSE: People suffer a lot of problem due to traffic jam. We must give solutions to control traffic and avoid traffic jams. Students, teachers, office workers face prob lems because sometimes due to coming late they miss their meetings and face other problems as well. 1. 3 SCOPE: We are working at the entrance areas of Islamabad i. e. Barakow and Golra. Sometimes due to heavy protocols people face traffic jams.Major traffic jams are at school and office timings. We also face traffic problem on Friday. We will give solutions to the problems to solve this issue. 1. 4 METHODOLOGY: We adopted two types of methodologies which are as follow: 1. Quantitative methodology. 2. Qualitative methodology. [pic] QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY: We collect data through questionnaire. Our sample space is 30. We distributed 30 questionnaires among the students of Air University. We collected data from both male and female students. 15 questionnaires were filled by female students and 15 were filled by male students. We will also give the analysis report of our survey. pic] [pic] 1. 4. 1 FINDINGS After survey the responses of male and female students with percentage is give n below: |Â  Q. NO. |QUESTIONS |MALE |FEMALE | | | | YES | NO | YES | NO | |1. |Buses and trucks creating traffic problem. |93. 33% |6. 67% |86. 67% |13. 33% | |2. |Signals helping to control traffic. |86. 67% |13. 33% |93. 3% |6. 67% | |3. |Traffic police performing his duty well. |80. 00% |20. 00% |53. 33% |46. 67% | |4. |Long routes creating a lot of problems. |33. 33% |66. 67% |46. 67% |53. 33% | |5. |Traffic problems are cause of accidents. |80. 00% |20. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | |6. |More roads reduce traffic jam. |80. 00% |20. 00% |80. 00% |20. 00% | |7. |Small roads and number of cars are the causes of traffic |100. 00% |0. 00% |80. 0% |20. 00% | | |problems. | | | | | |8. |Are you satisfied from the process of selecting players for |100. 00% |0. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | | |different games? | | | | | |9. |More cars due to bank financing are also causes of traffic |60. 00% |40. 00% |66. 67% |33. 33% | | |problem. | | | | | |10. Old cars and trucks are creating traffic problems. |66. 67% |33. 33% |66. 67% |33. 33% | |11. |Lack of traffic sense among people is also a cause of traffic |100. 00% |0. 00% |93. 33% |6. 67% | | |problems. | | | | | |12. |Government is taking steps to avoid traffic jams. |33. 33% |66. 67% |40. 00% |60. 00% | |13. |Government is creating awareness among people about traffic. |33. 33% |66. 7% |33. 33% |66. 67% | |14. |Civil administrations fail to solve traffic problems. |66. 67% |33. 33% |66. 67% |33. 33% | |15. |Non-custom vehicles contributing to increase traffic. |80. 00% |20. 00% |100. 00% |0. 00% | [pic] The following graph is showing the responses of males in Yes/No and also in percentage. [pic] [pic] The following graph is showing the responses of females in Yes/No and also in percentage. [pic] QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY: We interviewed one of the police officers at Golra.The questions we asked from him are attached at the end of this report. [pic] 3. TRAFFIC JAMS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF ISLAMABAD CITY [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 4. C AUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: 1. Small roads for the number of cars and motor cycles. 2. Broken roads in some areas as people don’t like to move from the broken part so traffic increases on rest of the road. 3. More cars due to bank financing. Now everyone can afford a car so more cars are there on the road. 4. Old cars and trucks. Government doesn’t have a clear policy about old cars and trucks. Even 30 years old cars are still running on roads like foxy & Suzuki. . Lack of traffic sense amongst the people. People don’t have traffic sense. Traffic police and media should play their role in creating traffic sense amongst the people. [pic] [pic] 5. SOLUTIONS TO TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: 1. First we have to use more often the public transport. This is the best solution. Also we would recommend to walk a little more or to ride a bicycle. 2. Have a proper public transport system and it is in our hands to reduce the use of our car every day by using public transport. 3. Make th e conditions of roads good, Make more lanes on the road and making alternative routes. 4.Create traffic awareness amongst the people though media and other sources. 5. Traffic problems can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). 6. Different timing of starting and closings of offices and schools to avoid the rush in the morning, afternoon and evening on roads. 7. Make strict laws make them force able through traffic police. Government should put their best efforts to avoid traffic jams and other traffic problems. 8. Old cars should be scrapped and bank financing should be for commercial cars only. [pic] [pic] [pic] 6.LIMITATIONS: 1. Convince Problems. 2. Non availability of traffic police officer. 3. Hard university scheduled. 4. Police officer was not willing to give interview. 7. REFERENCES: ? www. google. com ? www. wikipedia. com ? Police officer [pic] 8. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What difficulties do you face in controlling the tra ffic? 2. Do people follow the rules and regulations? 3. Do people cooperate? How is their behavior? 4. How do you manage the traffic when there is a rout? 5. How do you act when there is accident and what are your precautions? 6. Rush hours create a problem for you. How do you manage?

Organizational Structures Essay

Organizations function in varied ways. Each organization is unique in its own accord and its overall design depends on two main criteria; coordination and communication. No matter what structure an organization chooses, the ultimate result is to achieve coordination between units and communicate effectively for proper decision making and implementation. The current buzz word being the networked economy and organizations, many firms are becoming more sophisticated and evolving into more interconnected entities than ever before. It is important however to note that not one single structure is the most successful one. A firms arrival at a decision to adopt a certain structure entails careful analysis of the requirements of the industry it operates in. Then only can it decide which structure suits it best. Dell, based in the US, is a truly global organization. With lead times of delivery ranging in days across the globe, Dell had no choice but to adapt a structure which complimented its nimble and lean supply chain. This resulted in them adopting a networked structure as opposed to more traditional functional setup. The main criterion is not coordination here, but the proper channels of communication which are necessary to deliver information is the cheapest, fastest and most reliable way. Moreover, product life cycles of Dell are shorter than most other products and this again meant a quick supply chain backed by the most efficient communications strategy. Dell has been able to adopt this structure quicker and has grown to an extent which many never expected it to achieve (Sviokla, 2004). Dell does have departments and functions like any other organizations; it’s the method by which they operate which is different. Each function is coordinated and communicates to achieve one primary goal; deliver the good to the customer in the shortest time possible. By having a networked organization, information travels at nearly the speed of light and decisions are thus made in a shorter time. This is what Dell required to stay on top of its competition in the PC industry and thus, it adopted the best possible structure within the industry. Toyota, based in Japan, is a name of reliability. Their automobiles are well known for cost effectiveness and long life. All this was only achieved by the top notch structure that Toyota eventually evolved into over its long history. The work at Toyota is done by divisions; teams of individuals in each ‘function’ operating on assembly lines to produce cars. This along with a just in time inventory approach has enabled Toyota to become a truly global automobile maker and trendsetter in the industry. Till Toyota adopted it, JIT was something that many, especially in the automobile industry, wouldn’t dare to emulate. Toyota realized how its inventory, being huge and with long lead times would clog up work space and result in huge costs due to rental, obsolescence etc. Thus Toyota did what Dell did but in a different manner, let the supplier remain the owner of the materials until they are needed. This called for not just a good communications setup but an exceptional coordinated effort by the firms various functions as well. A delay in one function meant a halt in the whole firm as each is dependent on the other. Thus Toyota needed a structure which was stable, coordinated and yet, able to communicate well with its suppliers as well as dealers. This came in the form of an organization which was capable of dissipating knowledge throughout its firm effectively and acts upon decisions made quickly (Choo, 2002). This means that Toyota is a matrix organization rather than a functional one which one might think it is at first glance. Secondly, it various factories internationally could be seen as SBU’s (Strategic Business Units) working autonomously yet liked to a central point. Reference http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/orgtheory.htm